Abnormal Papanicolaou Test: Results and Risk Factors Among Women of Uttarakhand

Background: Cervical cancer is a significant health issue worldwide. About 493 million new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. About 274 thousand women die from this disease annually and 83% of these cases are in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of abnormal cervical cytology among women attending Gynaecology OPD and to assess the presence of associated risk factors. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire involving women attending Gynaecology OPD of HIMS, Dehradun from January to December 2016. All pap smears cytological examination was conducted using Bethesda system of classification. Results: 248 (11.6%) women had abnormal cytological findings with a mean age of 36.84 years. Duration of marriage was found be significantly longer among those with abnormal Pap smear (18.34 years verses 15.72 years (p<0.05). Conclusions: Early marriage, increasing parity and longer duration of marriage are strongly associated with abnormal Pap smear results.

Role of Surgical Interventions and Outcomes in Septic Abortion Cases: A Prospective Hospital Based Study

Background: Aim of this study was to evaluate the maternal morbidity & mortality, clinical features, management and role of surgical interventions in cases of septic abortion in a tertiary Centre. Methods: This study was conducted on 25 cases of septic abortion in the Department of obstetrics & Gynaecology in Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun. All patients were evaluated with special reference to incidence, etiological factors, clinical features, surgery & maternal morbidity & mortality. Results: Common age group was between 26-30 years. Most of the cases were from lower socioeconomic status. Septic abortion following spontaneous abortion was present in 5 cases. Unwanted pregnancy was the indication for termination of pregnancy in majority of the cases. 8 cases required laparotomy for drainage of pus, 1 patient had hysterectomy. Conclusion: The incidence of illegal and septic abortion can be reduced by increasing awareness about family planning services and making legal abortion services easily available to the women and that too at a cheaper cost.

A Prospective Study on Reliability of Ultrasonography in Diagnosis of Gynaecologic Pelvic Mass in Tertiary Care Centre

Background: Ultrasound is utilized to outline the size, consistency and structure of starting point of pelvic mass. The analysis of pelvic mass can be surmised in light of proper history and corroborative sonographic findings. Ultrasound gives information about function and morphology of abnormal organ when pelvic examination is difficult. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 43 patients visiting the Gynaecology department to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of ultrasonography in various gynaecologic pelvic masses. Out of 43 patients, only 32 patients with a variety of gynaecologic pelvic masses completed the study during the 6-month period in Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun. Results: 32 patients with a variety of gynaecologic pelvic masses were evaluated, in 18 patients the Sonographic diagnosis was thought to be confirmatory of Clinical disease and in 11 patients, it revealed the actual status of 'patients. In 3 patients, the diagnosis was characterized as misleading. Conclusion: Ultrasound is useful in defining symptomatic or palpable pelvis mass as showed above.

Growth and Performance of MSME’s in Present Scenario for the Development of India.

This is the fact that Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a catalytic role in the development process of most economies of any country. Similarly, MSMEs form the backbone of the Indian economy and have become engine of economic growth in India. Today, MSME occupies a very important positon in Indian Economy System due to its very significant and important contribution in terms of output, exports and employment. The MSMEs are the biggest employment provider after agriculture, providing employment to nearly 32 million people. This paper closely analyses the growth and development of the Indian MSME sector since opening of the economy in 1991. It also looks into the present scenario of MSMEs and the challenges they face like lending, marketing, and license raj issues.

Women Empowerment Through Higher Education.

India holds the second position in the world of having highest population. There are approximately 49% female in total population of it. But if we analyze the current status of Indian women with other countries of the world than we can realise that the scene is not even satisfactory but the worst. Indian women generally faced all types of barriers to success like illitracy, domestic violence, lack of motivation and support and many more. India is country where man dominance in the society prevails. It is very essential for the harmonious development of the country that women should go hand by hand and shoulder to shoulder with men. And for empowering the women , higher education will play a vital role.

Comparative analysis of presence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epsteinbarr virus -1 (EBV-1) in cases of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis with controls.

Aim : The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epsteinbarr virus -1 (EBV-1)viruses in sub gingival plaque of chronic periodontitis (groupA), aggressive periodontitis patients (group B), periodontally healthy controls (group C) and to compare the clinical parameters between virus negative and positive sites in each of these groups. Materials and Methods : Sixty subjects were included in the study and equally divided into the 3 groups (group A - 20, group B - 20, group C - 20). Sub gingival plaque samples were obtained from the 3 deepest periodontal pocket sites in case of subjects suffering from periodontitis, and from one random bleeding site per quadrant in healthy groups. Clinical parameters like plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD) and clinical loss of attachment (CAL) were recorded. Viral Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted using Proteinase-K DNA Extraction method, and the presence of CMV and EBV-1 was detected by polymerase chain reaction and 2% agarose gel. Results: Results of our study showed a 45% prevalence of CMV and EBV-1 in Aggressive periodontitis cases. Prevalence of CMV in chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects was 20% and 10%, respectively; while for EBV-1 it was 25% and 0%, respectively. In terms of comparison of the clinical parameters with virus presence, both CMV and EBV-1 positive sites showed a significantly higher mean pocket depth compared to virus negative sites. Conclusion: Our studyshowed that the prevalence of EBV1 was higher in chronic and aggressive periodontitis subjects compared to controls and the prevalence of CMV was higher in aggressive periodontitis patients. The virus positive sites showed higher pocket depth compared to virus negative sites.